h1Heredity also consolidates the changes that occur in organisms under the influence of environmental conditions./h1The ability to predict the onset of rain is useful for plants, because if they quot;turned on high speedquot; only when the raindrops begin to knock on the leaves, the water would have time to go deep into the soil. pForty […]
h1Heredity also consolidates the changes that occur in organisms under the influence of environmental conditions./h1The ability to predict the onset of rain is useful for plants, because if they quot;turned on high speedquot; only when the raindrops begin to knock on the leaves, the water would have time to go deep into the soil. pForty years ago, South African thunderstorm researcher Basil Schonland dug up a whole hawthorn tree, planted it in a tub of insulating material, and then connected the roots to the ground through a wire with a sensory ammeter.!–more– It turned out that before a thunderstorm, when a large potential difference is created in the air, a current of about 4 microamperes flows through the tree into the ground. According to Galsworthy, this current gives the plant a signal – to prepare for the abundant influx of water to the roots./p pThe study of the effects of electric fields on plants began in the last century, as we would now say, a Russian – Finnish scientist Carl Lemström from the University of Helsinki (Finland was then part of the Russian Empire). Hanging a wire over the plants, he created a voltage gradient of about 10 kilovolts per meter. As a result, the yield increased almost one and a half times./p pLater, between 1915 and 1920, similar experiments were conducted in England by a member of the Royal Society, Vernon Blackman. Above the plots in different parts of the country, he hung wires, for which 6 hours a day supplied voltage of 40 – 80 kilovolts. Of the 18 experiments in 14, plant growth increased at least slightly, and in 9 yields increased by 30 percent. The experiments were performed on barley, oats, winter wheat, clover, and corn./p pIf everything is so successful, then why aren’t high-voltage wires stretching over the fields now? The fact is that similar experiments, which were then repeated in different countries, gave contradictory results. Yes, Blackman’s experiments, repeated in the United States, are not far from positive results. There was a lively scientific controversy, then the interest in the problem somehow subsided by itself, and after the war, as far as we know, such experiments were not restored./p pIf Galsworthy is right, the contradictory results can be explained. High voltage stimulated plants to increased growth, but this stimulus was not always accompanied by increased water supply. The American results could be overshadowed by the fact that sandstorms often swept over the experimental areas – and they create a high electrostatic voltage in the air due to the mutual friction of the sand, which blurred the picture./p pGalsworthy and his colleagues are now experimenting not with whole plants, but with plant cell culture. They passed currents of 1-2 microamperes through the cell mass of tobacco for a long time, and the growth of the culture accelerated by 70 percent. Scientists have even patented this method of accelerating the growth of plant tissue culture./p pIt took more than 20 years to find out the conditions under which reliable and stable activation of the quot;genetic and physiologicalquot; potential of plants takes place. These studies have been conducted very intensively since the mid-50s of the last century in the USSR, USA, Canada, France. Canadian farmers were the first to use electromagnetic systems on a large industrial scale./p pSo in 1970 in the province of Alberta, one of the main quot;grainquot; regions of Canada, seeds for an area of more than 20,000 hectares were subjected to electromagnetic treatment. Then in the period 1980-1992 on tens of thousands of hectares in different regions of the USSR were conducted examinations and practical use of electromagnetic seed treatment. The results are good or very good. Especially when you consider the very low cost of seed stimulation: less than $ 1 per ton./p pThe average increase in grain yields (wheat, rye, barley, oats, corn) was 10-12%. But, there were also higher results: increase in productivity by 18-26%. Grain quality also increases. For example, the content of gluten in grains, oil in sunflower seeds./p pEven more significant results were obtained on vegetable crops: cabbage, beets, carrots, radishes, cucumbers, tomatoes. The average increase in yield was 18-23%, and the maximum was 40-60%. The increase in crop quality is expressed, for example, in an increase in sugar content in sugar and fodder beets, an increase in the content of vitamins and carotene (provitamin A) in carrots./p pFor such an important and popular crop as potatoes, the average increase in yield is 18-20%. The quot;shelf lifequot; of potatoes increases during the autumn-winter storage, due to the increase in the thickness of the protective skin of the tubers during the harvest, and not during storage. This leads to a sharp reduction in storage losses from 25-30% to 4-5%./p pThe increase in yield and yield quality occurs only at certain parameters of electromagnetic fields, such as duration of exposure, frequency range, power density, spatial characteristics of electromagnetic fields./p pEach crop has its own optimum of these parameters. Moreover, even the seeds of plants of the same species and variety grown in different fields, harvested at different times, dried under different drying modes, stored in different temperature and humidity conditions have different optimums. It took more than 10 years to find out the conditions under which a stable increase in yield is possible./p pliterature/p Encyclopedia of the young physicist. – M., 1996. Botany and physics / Ed. Crimean VI – K., 1994.!– time: 0.027181148529053 –!– google_ad_section_end — p 12/26/2011 /ph2Darwinism as a doctrine of the laws of historical development of the organic world. Abstract/h2h3Darwinism – the doctrine of the laws of historical development of the organic world, the causes of the diversity of organisms and the laws of their adaptation to environmental conditions/h3!– Ref 300×250 –pThe name Darwinism comes from the name of its founder – the English naturalist Charles Darwin. Darwinism convincingly proves the existence of organic evolution in nature, gives indisputable explanations of this process, asserts (in biology) one of the main tenets of materialist philosophy about the material unity of nature, the natural origin of plants, animals and man./p pDarwinism is a general biological doctrine that has dealt a devastating blow to idealistic and metaphysical views of wildlife. Darwinism reveals the objectivity of the laws of matter and the objectivity of causation in nature./p pThe main work of Charles Darwin, which sets out the theory of the development of the organic world, is quot;The Origin of Speciesquot; (1859)./p pThe emergence of Darwinism was prepared by all the previous development of science and achievements of agricultural practice of its time, especially the experience of breeding new breeds of domestic animals and varieties of cultivated plants, especially in Darwin’s homeland, England. Darwin’s use of agricultural practice for his conclusions gave him a convincing force and superiority over all the teachings on wildlife that preceded Darwinism./p pDarwinism is a clear illustration of the correctness of Marxist origins about the importance of practice in the process of human cognition. From the time of Ancient Greece and the Middle Ages, only a few opinions were expressed about the evolution of living beings. In-depth scientific development of the evolution of organisms began only in the second half of the 18th century. In the 18th and in the first half of the 19th century, J. Buffon, MV Lomonosov, KF Wolf, OM Radishchev, OA Kaverznev, J. Lamarck, and J.-Iler, MO Maksimovich, Ya. K. Kaidanov, G. Yu. Shchurovsky, KF Roulier, and others, but they did not create a holistic theory of evolution./p pOnly J. Lamarck in his quot;Philosophy of Zoologyquot; (1809) set out a more or less coherent concept of the development of the organic world, which is progressive is the correct assessment of the impact of the external environment on organisms. In changing the environment, he saw the causes of movement, the causes of species variability. Lamarck’s assumptions about the possibility of direct influence of environmental conditions on the body and inheritance of the consequences of this influence, as well as the influence of exercise and non-management of organs on the organization of form, substantiation of the law of inheritance of new properties and traits acquired by organisms and to this day they have not lost their scientific significance and have found their further development in Michurin’s teaching./p pLamarck’s a href=”https://123helpme.me/narrative-essay-topics/”https://123helpme.me/narrative-essay-topics//a teaching was not free from errors of an idealistic nature, some of its provisions were insufficiently substantiated, so it could not overcome the metaphysical concepts that existed./p pOf great importance for the victory of the idea of evolution (historicism) were the works of the English geologist Charles Lyell, who refuted the metaphysical theory of catastrophes by J. Cuvier and others in the field of geology, proving the continuity of the crust./p!–/noindex–pDarwinism arose in the era of capitalism, when industry and agriculture, especially in England, achieved significant success, and the natural sciences – geology, paleontology, embryology, comparative anatomy, biogeography, and others. – enriched with a large number of scientific factors. This enabled Darwin, contrary to the old, metaphysical views of the organic world, to stand firmly on a new, evolutionary point of view./p pThe main factors of evolution, according to Darwin, are variability, heredity and natural selection. Living beings change due to their interaction with environmental conditions. Variability is an integral property of all living things. Heredity, on the other hand, consolidates the changes that occur in organisms under the influence of environmental conditions. Hereditary changes in plants and animals have been used by man since ancient times./p pNumerous breeds of domestic animals and plant varieties have been created by selecting organisms with useful traits (properties) for humans. This process of creating new useful forms of plants and animals, in which man plays a crucial role, is called artificial selection. Variability, ie deviations in the structure and properties of organisms, occurs in various directions, and artificial selection can be carried out on any useful basis for humans./p pVarieties or species arising from one primary form, as a result of the action of selection in different directions, gradually depart more and more from each other and from the primary form. This difference of signs (divergence) makes it possible to obtain from one source form many derivative forms./p pAccording to Darwinism, in nature, without human intervention, there are laws of hereditary variability, which occurs in various directions – useful, indifferent or harmful to the body. Thanks to it the structure of organisms becomes more complicated or simplified, the rich material for emergence of new forms is created, but only the second factor of evolution specified by Darwin – selection can fix this or that form./p
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